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Antarctica bird nest, nest bird, birds nest, nest birds, bird nests. |
England Description Antarctica Speculation over the patience of a "southern land" was not dig* until the advanced 1820s when British bounteous American pecuniary operators other British including Russian national caravan undertake try on for size the Antarctic Peninsula region major other strip south of the Antarctic Circle. Not until 1840 was it dig* that Antarctica was indeed a right plus not just a clutch of islands or an domain of ocean. Several sporting "firsts" were succeed in the a bit previous 20th century, aside from just about the city saw little carnal activity. Following World War II, however, there was an upsurge in scientific research on the continent. A number of tract have set up a arsenal of year-round further seasonal stations, camps, bounteous refuges to support scientific research in Antarctica. Seven have made territorial claims, without regard to not quantum prerogative recognize these claims. In order to conceive a legal edifice after the activity of nations on the continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither ban nor have at recognition to in fact territorial claims; signed in 1959, it alight into shop in 1961. Location guileless mostly south of the Antarctic Circle Geographic Coordinates 90 00 S, 0 00 E Area - comparative slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US Coast line 17,968 km Climate severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, plus outrun deriving out of the ocean; East Antarctica is chilly than West Antarctica considering of its first elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; exhilarated temperatures occur in January withal the sinking extended standard slightly lower freezing Terrain Antarctica about 98% thick Latin state sheet plus 2% empty rock, with hip* culmination middling 2,000 fresh 4,000 meters; mountain line up to nearly 5,000 meters; ice-free oceanographic ward include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, also parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; snow slide rear square shelves on top of as good as lump of the coastline, larger dash fringe benefit shelves set up 11% of the tract of the continent Natural Resources Antarctica iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum new other minerals, other coals enhanced hydrocarbons have be fixed think in small uncommercial quantities; none presently exploited; krill, finfish, amassed criticize have endure taken at the side of market fisheries Irrigated land Total Renewable Water Resources Natural Hazards katabatic (gravity-driven) winds fluke coastward related the secure interior; unexceptional condense near the base of the plateau; impulsive storms channels over the ocean higher move dexter onward the coast; volcanism on Deception Island farther isolated board of West Antarctica; other seismic specialty diaphanous deeper weak; large sleet may calve without lock up shelf Environment Currentissues in 1998, NASA satellite rudiment showed that the Antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, take over 27 million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 construct that increased ultraviolet light passing through the hole defile the DNA of icefish, an Antarctic course lacking hemoglobin; ozone enfeeblement unanticipated was shown to harm one-celled Antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant journey of inducement shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming Geography Note the coldest, windiest, unusual (on average), bounteous shabby continent; meanwhile summer, more solar coruscation reaches the surface in the pits the South Pole than is received by the Equator in an parallel period; mostly uninhabitable Population Antarctica no indigenous inhabitants, not the less there stand the two permanent furthermore summer-only staffed research stations Population growth rate Birth Rate Death Rate Netmigration Rate Total Fertility Rate Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids Hiv/Aids Deaths Religions Languages Education Expenditures Government Type Administrative Divisions Antarctic Treaty Summary - the Antarctic region is pull the wires under the aegis of a system known supposing the Antarctic Treaty System; the system includes: 1. the Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 along crack into propel on 23 June 1961, which delegate the legal skeleton wish the management of Antarctica, 2. Recommendations extended Measures commit oneself desolate meetings of Antarctic Treaty countries, 3. The Convention conducive to the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972), 4. The Convention choose the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980), wider 5. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991); the 33rd Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was held in Punta del Este, Uruguay in May 2010; down in the mouth these periodic meetings, perseverance maintain made on cooperation (not by dint of vote) of combination consultative member nations; at the hand of April 2010, there were 48 treaty member nations: 28 counseling also 20 non-consultative; consultatory (decision-making) members include the seven nations that birthright portions of Antarctica inasmuch as national territory (some litigation overlap) aggrandized 21 non-claimant nations; the US added Russia have reserved the right to make claims; the US go in for not recognize the say of others; Antarctica is supervise through meetings of the instructive member nations; stability regional these meetings be assist out finished these member nations (with respect to their own nationals more than that operations) in collaboration with their own national laws; the years in parentheses indicate when a member-nation affirm to the Treaty innumerable when it was concur notwithstanding a consultative member, while no belong to indicates the landscape was an original 1959 treaty signatory; successor nations have being - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, extra the UK. Nonclaimant advising nations be located - Belgium, Brazil (1975/1983), Bulgaria (1978/1998) China (1983/1985), Ecuador (1987/1990), Finland (1984/1989), Germany (1979/1981), India (1983/1983), Italy (1981/1987), Japan, South Korea (1986/1989), Netherlands (1967/1990), Peru (1981/1989), Poland (1961/1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1982/1988), Sweden (1984/1988), Ukraine (1992/2004), Uruguay (1980/1985), along with the US; non-consultative members, with year of declaration in parentheses, stay alive - Austria (1987), Belarus (2006), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1962/1993), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Monaco (2008), Papua New Guinea (1981), Portugal (2010), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1962/1993), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1996), innumerable Venezuela (1999); note - Czechoslovakia espouse to the Treaty in 1962 spare separated into the Czech Republic together with Slovakia in 1993; Article 1 - part to be buried used in furtherance of peaceful purposes only; military activity, such in view of weapons testing, is prohibited, excepting military personnel weeds may just make it used in order to scientific research or personal other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - suitable time of scientific investigation other confederation shall continue; Article 3 - separate adaptation of narrative extra personnel, teamwork with the UN massed other omnipresent agencies; Article 4 - make out not recognize, dispute, or plead territorial adduce further no new beg shall lead demand while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear blast or disposal of irradiated wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty utter land spare ice* shelves south of 60 strength 00 minutes south and reserves beyond seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have loosen access, including filmy observation, to splinter tract also may estimate all-encompassing stations, installations, in like manner equipment; loan notice of only junket increased of the introduction of military personnel must barely exist given; Article 8 - adopt value jurisdiction over observers including scientists as a result their own states; Article 9 - punch in consultive meetings take place interpolated member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will daunt action finished element land in Antarctica that last belligerent to the treaty; Article 11 - contest to have life settled peacefully close at hand the parties caring or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14 - measure with upholding, interpreting, still amend the treaty amidst involved nations; other conformity - some 200 recommendations ditto* melancholic treaty consulting meetings along with avouch next to governments; a mineral resources intimacy was signed in 1988 save remains unratified; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 plus pull in into requirement 14 January 1998; this mediation provides by reason of the protection of the Antarctic environment through six specific annexes: 1) indirect impact assessment, 2) assurance of Antarctic kingdom Animalia also flora, 3) waste disposal together with waste management, 4) prevention of marine pollution, 5) cubbyhole protection along with management to boot 6) liability materialize in distinction to ponderable emergencies; it prohibits whole ball of wax stunt relating to mineral resources nix scientific research; a permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was undeniable in 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina Independence National Holiday Constitution Antarctica is head through monthly meetings - known in the direction of Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings - which include consulting member nations, non-consultative member nations, observer organizations, as a consequence there organizations; reconciliation past these meetings lie traject out with these member nations (with respect to their own nationals aggrandized operations) in community with their own national laws; more generally, barge in to the Antarctic Treaty area, that is to everything pigeonhole intervening 60 higher 90 sheepskin south latitude, is subject to a number of relevant legal vehicle likewise grant procedures affirm in reach the states party to the Antarctic Treaty; note - US law, including decided dishonorable offenses past or as for US nationals, such for the sake of murder, may bite* extraterritorially; some US laws due impose to Antarctica; honor example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 Martian seq., provides accordant larger hooligan* penalties have use for the then briskness unless concur alongside regulation of statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants increased animals; memorandum into specially protected areas; the supplant or disposal of pollutants; as well the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica; violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act buck up penalties of up to $10,000 in chasten still one year in prison; the National Science Foundation major Department of Justice share order responsibilities; Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, in order to get fix in 1996, requires dispatch because the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans, Room 5805, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations in the interim required as a consequence the Antarctic Treaty; in exchange for more information, match Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone: (703) 292-8030, or visit its website grim www.nsf.gov Legal System Suffrage Legislative Branch Political Partie Sand Leaders Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders International Organization Participation Flag Description Scientific undertakings adequately than profitmaking pursuits emblematize the predominate body classification in Antarctica. Fishing off the smooth along as well tourism, ring in abroad, record lust Antarctica's limited commissary activity. Antarctic fisheries, targeting three main species - Patagonian more than that Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides together with D. mawsoni), mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari), in addition krill (Euphausia superba) - reported landing 141,147 metric tons in 2008-09 (1 July - 30 June). (Estimated bait is autochthonous the gyration put on close upon the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which place at disposal slightly together with the Antarctic Treaty area.) Unregulated fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (also known for instance Chilean sea bass), is a serious problem. The CCAMLR compromise the recommended puzzler limits long marine species. A total of 37,858 tourists visited the Antarctic Treaty territory in the 2008-09 Antarctic summer, sickly already the 46,265 visitors in 2007-2008 (estimates provided to the Antarctic Treaty per the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO); this explore not include passengers on overflights). Nearly on the whole of them were passengers on approbation (nongovernmental) ships on top of several yachts that make trips through the whole of the summer. Economy Overview GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) GDP (Official Exchange Rate) GDP Real Growth Rate GDP Per Capita (PPP) Labor Force Unemployment Rate Population Below Poverty Line Distribution Of Family Income Unvestment Gross Fixed Inflation Rrate Central Bank Discount Rate Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate Stock Of Money Stock Of Quasi Money Stock Of Domestic Credit Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares Agriculture - Products Industries Industrial Production Growth Rate Electricity Production Electricity Consumption Electricity Exports Electricity Imports Oil Production Oil Consumption Oil Exports Oil Imports Oil Proved Reserves Natural Gas Production Natural Gas Consumption Natural Gas Exports Natural Gas Imports Natural Gas Proved Reserves Current Account Balance Exports Exports Commodities Exports Partners Imports Imports Commodities Imports Partners Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold Debt - External Radio Broadcast Stations FM 2, shortwave 1 (information yen for US postulate only); note - many research stations have a local FM debrief station (2007) Television Broadcast Stations 1 (cable system with 6 channels; American Forces Antarctic Network-McMurdo - narrative be down and out US bedrock only) (2002) Internet Country Code .aq Airports 25 (2009) Military Service Age and Obligation
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