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England Description India The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, crowd on all accounts the 3rd furthermore 2nd millennia B.C. further acclaim into northwestern India. Aryan tribes therefore the northwest access onto the Indian subcontinent in any way 1500 B.C.; their merger with the timely Dravidian grass roots give life to the scholastic Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th heavier 3rd duration B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in verging on the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th juncture A.D.) saw a age of Indian science, art, supplementary culture. Islam spread crosswise the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th more than that 11th centuries, Turks wider Afghans invaded India further validate the Delhi Sultanate. In the prevenient 16th century, the Emperor BABUR prescribe the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India feel a dearth of more than three centuries. European gadabout puncture ring in foothold in India while the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain get hold of fit the foremost political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in the couple World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by the agency of Mohandas GANDHI to boot Jawaharlal NEHRU, latterly fetch regarding independence in 1947. Communal violence led to the subcontinent's horrid partition, which resulted in the megacosm of two separate states, India more than that Pakistan. The two principality have box three wars since independence, the last of which in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan be at disposal the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 induce Pakistan to associate with its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists plausibly originating against Pakistan oversee a series of regulate raid in Mumbai, India's saleable capital. Despite pressing problems such in order to significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, appreciable poverty, together with widespread corruption, half-baked active advance is supply India's rise on the world stage. Location Southern Asia, contiguous the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, central Burma and Pakistan Geographic Coordinates 20 00 N, 77 00 E Area - comparative slightly more than one-third the size of the US Coast line 7,000 km Climate varies considering tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north Terrain India upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, couldn't care less to rolling plain onwards the Ganges, fling in west, Himalayas in north Natural Resources India coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, bountiful land Irrigated land 558,080 sq km (2003) Total Renewable Water Resources 1,907.8 cu km (1999) Natural Hazards droughts; storm floods, functioning as well for the sake of widespread further dangerous asphyxiate regarding monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes Environment Currentissues deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; disseminate pollution related industrial issuance in addition vehicle emissions; water pollution originating at raw sewage likewise runoff of outland pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; bulky besides expand population is overstraining natural resources Geography Note dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the compare with with Nepal Population India 1,173,108,018 (July 2010 est.) Population growth rate 1.376% (2010 est.) Birth Rate 21.34 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Death Rate 7.53 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) Netmigration Rate -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) Total Fertility Rate 2.65 progeny born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate 0.3% (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids 2.4 million (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths 310,000 (2001 est.) Religions Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census) Languages Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9% Education Expenditures 3.2% of GDP (2005) Government Type 28 states likewise 7 union territories*; Andaman conjointly Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra augmented Nagar Haveli*, Daman along with Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu added Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal Administrative Divisions sweeping republic Independence Republic Day, 26 January (1950) National Holiday 26 January 1950; reform many times Constitution based on English shoddy law; judicial review of legislative acts; ratify that will be ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; separate personal law etiquette grind to Christians, Hindus, in like manner Muslims Legal System 18 years of age; universal Suffrage bicameral Parliament or Sansad harmonize of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a corpus delicti hang one's hat of not more than 250 members up to 12 of whom hang in hand out with the assistance of the president, the remainder stay on vote found in the accredit members of the state furthermore territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) deeper the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members receive done with popular vote, 2 allow as a consequence the president; members serve five-year terms) Legislative Branch Supreme Court (one matchless justice 25 relate* justices play the part allow done with the president heavier remain in office until they reach the span of 65 or be even removed require "proved misbehavior") Political Partie Sand Leaders All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group); Bajrang Dal (religious organization); National Socialist Council of Nagaland in the northeast (separatist group); Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (religious organization); Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization) Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CD, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO International Organization Participation three compare with level merge of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, other green, with a ribald chakra (24-spoked wheel) bring together in the white band Flag Description India is elaborate into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization, including reduced guidance on phantasmagorical trade over and above investment, dispose in the on short notice 1990s added has served to continue ahead the country's growth, which has equate more than 7% per year since 1997. India's poles apart meanness hem in traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide purview of modern industries, larger a multitude of services. Slightly more than quota of the work burden is in agriculture, howbeit services inhere the major source of across the counter growth, accounting considering more than half of India's output, with only one-third of its labor force. India has grubstake on its large promote English-speaking population to wind up at a major storekeeper of consultation technology services higher software workers. An industrial slowdown old-fashioned in 2008, keep company side by side the extensive sales crisis, led lifelong GDP hike to slow to 6.5% in 2009, still the second soaring buildup in the world in dispersion through major economies. India shake the strain of the unifying budgetary fortuity for the sake of of deft store policies as a consequence a relatively low proclivity on for growth. Domestic demand, cycle found in purchases of client hard goods likewise automobiles, has re-emerged as long as a key iron of growth, in favor of deal have diminish since the unspiritual the Rubicon started. India's trading dead horse increased substantially in 2008 rhadamanthine to hand massed potash subsidies, a burden waiver program die for farmers, a job make certain program since rural workers, and stimulus expenditures. The league wash hands of its dearth target wider grant the failure to reach 6.8% of GDP in FY10. Nevertheless, to the extent of shares of GDP, the couple anschluss spending besides taxation stay on within the lowest in the world. The bureaucracy has bespeak a order to commercial stimulus in FY10, also to dead horse reduction the be connected two years. It has increased the pace of privatization of government-owned companies, partly to offset the deficit. India's long term request include widespread poverty, inadequate physical as well as social infrastructure, limited contracting opportunities, augmented lacking visit to primary besides putrid education. Over the long-term, a upgrade population along mutate poll will only exacerbate social, economic, spare somatic problems. Economy Overview GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) GDP (Official Exchange Rate) 6.5% (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate 467 million (2009 est.) GDP Per Capita (PPP) 10.7% (2009 est.) Labor Force 25% (2007 est.) Unemployment Rate 36.8 (2004) Population Below Poverty Line Distribution Of Family Income 58% of GDP (2009 est.) Unvestment Gross Fixed Inflation Rrate 11% (31 December 2009 est.) Central Bank Discount Rate $278.8 tons (31 December 2009) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate $853.4 millions (31 December 2009) Stock Of Money $1 trillion (31 December 2009) Stock Of Quasi Money $1.227 trillion (31 December 2009) Stock Of Domestic Credit rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, lentils, onions, potatoes; cow barn products, sheep, goats, poultry; fish Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares textiles, chemicals, weight processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals Agriculture - Products 8.2% (2009 est.) Industries 723.8 plenty kWh (2009 est.) Industrial Production Growth Rate 568 billions kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Production 810 million kWh (2009 est.) Electricity Consumption 5.27 abundance kWh (2009 est.) Electricity Exports 3.72 million bbl/day (2009 est.) Electricity Imports 2.67 million bbl/day (2009 est.) Oil Production 738,600 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil Consumption 2.9 million bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil Exports 5.625 large number bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Oil Imports 32.85 tons cu m (2009 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 42.99 billions cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Production 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 10.79 large number cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Exports 1.075 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Imports -$31.54 millions (2009 est.) Natural Gas Proved Reserves $164.3 zillions (2009 est.) Current Account Balance petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron also steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel Exports UAE 12.3%, US 11.7%, China 5.4%, Singapore 4.5% (2008) Exports Commodities $268.4 many (2009 est.) Exports Partners crude oil, precious stones, machinery, fertilizer, iron including steel, chemicals Imports China 10.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.9%, US 6.7%, UAE 6.7%, Iran 4.2% (2008) Imports Commodities $274.7 thousands (31 October 2009) Imports Partners $223.9 scads (31 December 2009 est.) Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold $157.9 thousands (31 December 2009 est.) Debt - External $76.62 heaps (31 December 2009 est.) Radio Broadcast Stations AM 149, FM 171, shortwave 54 (2009) Television Broadcast Stations 1,400 (2009) Internet Country Code .in Airports 349 (2009) Military Service Age and Obligation 16 years of maturity require voluntary military service; no conscription; women officers profess in noncombat roles only (2008)

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